Which theory best explains why Jon is not engaged in deviant behavior despite his rough environment?

Control Theory is particularly relevant in explaining Jon's lack of engagement in deviant behavior despite being in a challenging environment. This theory posits that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant acts when they have strong bonds to society, including attachments to family, school, and community. These social ties create a stake in conformity; the more Jon feels connected and invested in positive relationships and societal norms, the less likely he is to stray into deviant behavior.

The emphasis of Control Theory is on the individual's social connections and the internalization of societal expectations. It suggests that if Jon has supportive relationships and a clear understanding of societal norms, he will be deterred from engaging in behaviors that society deems inappropriate, regardless of the pressures or temptations present in his environment.

In contrast, Labeling Theory would suggest that deviance arises in response to labels society places on individuals, which doesn’t directly address Jon's situation of non-involvement in deviant behavior. Social Learning Theory focuses on behavior being learned through observation and imitation of others, which implies that if Jon is surrounded by deviant role models, he might be more inclined to engage in such behavior. Strain Theory explains deviance as a response to societal pressures and the inability to achieve cultural goals