Which theory best explains the phenomenon of increased serious property crime in neighborhoods with minor problems like graffiti?

The Broken Window Theory is grounded in the idea that visible signs of disorder and neglect, such as graffiti or broken windows, can lead to more serious crime in a neighborhood. This theory posits that if minor offenses are not addressed, they signal to potential offenders that the area is not monitored or controlled, which unintentionally encourages more significant criminal activities. When people see that small issues are overlooked, it may create an environment where lawlessness feels more acceptable, propelling the cycle of decline in community standards.

In contrast, Labeling Theory focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as criminals and the effects of such labels on their self-identity and behavior. Social Learning Theory explores how criminal behavior can be acquired through interactions with others and the influence of cultural norms. Strain Theory examines the societal pressures that lead individuals to commit crimes, particularly when they feel they cannot achieve their goals through legitimate means. While these theories provide insights into various aspects of criminal behavior, they do not specifically address the connection between minor signs of disorder and the escalation of serious crime as effectively as the Broken Window Theory does.