Which term refers to studying cultures without making value judgments?

The term that refers to studying cultures without making value judgments is cultural relativism. This concept emphasizes understanding and interpreting different cultural practices and beliefs within their own context rather than through the lens of one's own culture. Cultural relativism promotes the idea that no single culture is superior to another, and it encourages scholars and individuals to appreciate the diversity of human experiences.

By adopting a culturally relative perspective, researchers and sociologists can analyze social practices, norms, and values with an open mind, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of cultural dynamics and human behaviors. This approach acknowledges that behaviors and beliefs are often shaped by unique historical, social, and environmental factors, which can vary widely across different cultures.

In contrast, ethnocentrism involves evaluating other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture, often leading to biased interpretations and misunderstandings. Cultural hegemony refers to the dominance of one culture over others, influencing norms and values. Social Darwinism misapplies Darwin's theories to justify social policies and inequality, which again diverges from the value-free analysis intrinsic to cultural relativism.