What type of sociology examines the structures and processes that shape societies at large?

The correct answer is macrosociology, which focuses on understanding the large-scale social processes and structures that influence societies as a whole. This branch of sociology examines overarching systems, such as institutions, social systems, and global trends, and how they affect social behavior, relationships, and societal organization.

Macrosociology is crucial for analyzing phenomena like social change, class structures, and cultural practices, as it seeks to understand the big picture rather than individual or small group interactions. By studying societal structures such as economies, governments, and educational systems, macrosociologists can draw insights into how these elements shape social dynamics and collective experiences.

In contrast, societal psychology tends to focus on individual behavior within the context of broader societal influences but does not primarily deal with societal structures. Functional sociology, while seeking to understand social functions and interactions, usually operates on a more micro level, examining how different parts of society contribute to social stability. Decentralized sociology is not a recognized term or widely established branch within the field, thus making macrosociology the most appropriate and correct choice here.