What type of crime is characterized by environmental violations, illegal labor practices, and false advertising?

The correct choice is corporate crime, which specifically refers to illegal acts committed by individuals or organizations in the context of their business operations. This type of crime often involves significant violations that can have broad societal impacts, such as environmental offenses, exploitative labor practices, and deceptive marketing practices.

Corporate crime is typically orchestrated by those in positions of power within corporations who exploit loopholes and regulatory oversights to increase profits at the expense of society or the environment. Unlike violent or property crimes, which primarily involve direct harm or theft against individuals or physical possessions, corporate crime encompasses a wider range of unethical practices that may not be immediately visible but can result in substantial damage over time, affecting communities and ecosystems alike.

Understanding corporate crime is crucial in sociology as it reveals the complex ways economic interests and regulatory frameworks can interact, leading to exploitation and harm without the overt violence often associated with other crime types.