What theoretical perspective emphasizes looking at both intentional and unintentional effects of institutions?

The theoretical perspective that emphasizes examining both the intentional and unintentional effects of institutions is functionalism. This perspective, rooted in the works of sociologists such as Émile Durkheim, posits that society is made up of various interrelated parts, including institutions like education, family, and religion.

Functionalist theory examines how these institutions contribute to the overall stability and functionality of society. It looks at how institutions serve specific purposes—such as socialization, integration, and maintaining social order—while also considering the unintended consequences that may arise from their operation. For example, while the education system is intended to impart knowledge and skills, it can also lead to inequality among different social groups due to varying levels of access and resources.

Functionalism's holistic approach allows sociologists to evaluate how various social elements interact and influence each other, providing a comprehensive understanding of both the intended goals and the broader social ramifications of institutional practices.