What does the concept of deviance refer to in sociology?

In sociology, deviance refers to behavior that challenges societal norms or expectations. This concept highlights how actions, beliefs, or characteristics that are viewed as outside the boundaries of what is considered appropriate or acceptable within a given society are labeled as deviant. Deviance is not inherently negative; it can encompass a wide range of behaviors from minor rule-breaking to significant challenges against societal values. The key aspect of deviance is its relationship to the norms and values of a particular group or society—what is considered deviant in one context may be accepted in another.

For example, someone who protests against government policies might be seen as deviant in a society that values conformity but celebrated in a society that prizes individual freedoms and self-expression. The nuances of this concept demonstrate how the understanding of deviance is inherently tied to societal expectations and cultural context, making it a vital topic of study in sociology.