What does literacy refer to in a sociological context?

In a sociological context, literacy primarily refers to the ability to read and write. This fundamental skill is essential for individuals to engage effectively with society, participate in the workforce, and access information. Literacy has profound implications on social integration, educational attainment, and economic status. It allows individuals to comprehend written materials that convey cultural, political, and economic significance, influencing their ability to make informed choices.

While the other options highlight important skills and concepts, they do not encompass the broad societal implications tied to literacy. Public speaking relates to verbal communication rather than the specific act of reading and writing. Understanding cultural norms pertains more to social interactions and norms than to literacy itself. Performing mathematical calculations is a distinct skill set that, while important, falls outside the traditional definition of literacy, which centers on reading and writing abilities.