Racism is defined as:

The definition of racism as the attribution of superiority or inferiority based on physical traits highlights the core mechanism through which racism operates. This understanding centers on the idea that individuals or groups make judgments about others based on observable characteristics, such as skin color or other physical features, which they then associate with certain abilities, behaviors, or moral worth.

This belief in inherent differences contributes to systemic inequalities and social hierarchies, often leading to discrimination and prejudice against those deemed 'inferior.' Recognizing racism in this way allows for a clearer understanding of its impact on society, as it moves beyond mere attitudes to examine the structural and historical contexts that enable these beliefs to persist and affect real-world interactions, policies, and social norms.

In contrast, the other options focus on concepts that either suggest a sense of equality or cultural similarity rather than identifying the discriminatory belief structure that underpins racism.