Karl Marx believed that society is primarily divided by which factor?

Karl Marx's theory of society is centered around the concept of social class, which he believed is the primary factor that divides people. According to Marx, the struggle between different social classes—specifically the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class who own the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class who sell their labor)—defines social relations and drives historical change. He argued that the economic base of society—the way in which goods are produced and resources are distributed—shapes everything from social institutions to individual consciousness.

Marx's focus on social class highlights the disparities in wealth and power that exist within capitalist societies. He viewed these disparities not just as marginal issues but as fundamental to the organization and functioning of society. The conflict between classes, therefore, is seen as a vital force in prompting societal evolution and revolution, as each class has differing interests and resources.

While race and ethnicity, gender roles, and cultural identity can also shape social dynamics and inequalities, Marx specifically emphasized social class as the foundational element influencing these other factors. His analysis provided critical insights into how economic conditions set the stage for broader societal issues, making social class the primary lens through which to analyze and understand societal divisions.