According to sociological research, which group often faces more barriers to upward mobility?

Working-class families often face more barriers to upward mobility due to a combination of socioeconomic factors. These barriers can include limited access to quality education, which is often necessary for securing higher-paying jobs. Working-class individuals may also have fewer networking opportunities, making it more difficult to find advantageous employment. Additionally, they may be more susceptible to economic downturns and job instability, with positions that offer less job security and fewer benefits.

In contrast, upper-class families typically have established wealth and resources that facilitate upward mobility, while educated professionals often possess the qualifications and social capital needed to advance in their careers. Middle-class families, while facing their own challenges, generally have more access to resources that can support upward mobility than working-class families do. Thus, the structural disadvantages faced by working-class families make them more vulnerable to obstacles in achieving upward mobility.